For specific application advice see appropriate technical data sheet or. Flash point and chemical composition of aviation kerosene. As 8 vol% aromatics must be in any fuel, according to the aviation jet fuels specification, it is worth to investigate by a combined experimental and modelling effort, including lab, ground and flight tests, the role of different aromatics for soot. Condensation trails from biofuelskerosene blends scoping. It has a flash point minimum of 38 degrees c 100f and a freeze point maximum of 47 degrees c. Jet fuel is a specific blend of fuels used in aviation to run turbine powered engines for both military and civilian use. For this reason, it is impossible to define the exact composition of jet fuel. Specification for aviation turbine fuel jet a1 export. Jet fuel and diesel fuel both share similarities in composition as well as many chemical properties. Astm d6615 15a2019 standard specification for jet b. Risk factors of jet fuel combustion products sciencedirect. The main specifications for jet a1 grade see below are the uk specification def stan 9191 jet a1 nato code f35. Rather less is known about combustion products of jet fuels and exposure to those. The composition of crude oil is such that in practice it is impossible to avoid producing significant volumes of byproducts alongside the desired gasoline, diesel and jet fuel products.
Jet fuel, jet kerosine, jet a, jet a1 specifications. Pires, a yinglei han, b john kramlich, c and manuel garciaperez b, the chemical composition and fuel properties of nine alternative jet fuels named as ajf 19 and three commercial jet fuels named as cjf 1, 2 and 3 are reported in this work. Military fuels differ from commercial use in a few different ways. Mitigating international aviation emissions the international. See the list of programs recommended by our users below. Aircraft emissions vary with the engine type, the engine load and the.
Chemical composition and fuel properties of alternative. Us astm d1655 civil and jp8,5 etc, uk def stan 91091 etc fuel quality is critical to engine and aircraft safety, performance and emission profile. Provided herein are, among other things, jet fuel compositions and methods of making and using the same. Firms interested in supplying alternative jet fuel, however, face one lessobvious economic challenge illustrated in figure 2. Production of jet fuel from ethanol and its perspectives. Astm d165519a covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications of aviation turbine fuel under. Lines disclose the specific chemical composition of the fuel that delta flight 89 dumped on our communities, including the details of any jet fuel additives.
This product is intended for us as a fuel or for use in an engineered process. Innovative gasification to produce fischertropsch jet and. Data were collected for this single engine type during four different, comprehensive ground tests conducted over the past decade, which allow us to clearly link changes in aerosol emissions to fuel compositional changes. We statistically analyze the impact of jet fuel properties on aerosols emitted by the nasa douglas dc8 tail no. Prevent entry into sewers, waterways, basements or confined areas. Risk factors of jet engine fuel exhaust can only be named in context of exposure data. Effects of jet fuel spills on the microbial community of soil. Jet fuel and total petroleum products supplied 16 8. Department of health and human services, public health service. Hocking, in handbook of chemical technology and pollution control third edition, 2005.
Our international office network offers unrivalled product support and it has the resources to deliver the required fuel additive treatments to customers anywhere in the. Typical properties of fuel grade jet a1 according to astm d1655. Using available monitoring data, the possibilities and limitations for a risk assessment. Health effects of fuel vapors and liquid fuel are described after occupational exposure and in animal studies. The cost of supporting alternative jet fuels in the european. Refinery net production of jet fuel by pad and refining districts. The most common commercial jet fuel is jet a and jet a1 which is a cheaper and less refined version of the jet fuel blend and does not contain all the. While we do not yet have a description of the jet file format and what it is normally used for, we do know which programs are known to open these files. Abstract the relationship between chemical composition. Concurrent atomization and phase change in a multicomponent liquid. Fuel name of jet fuel sulfur fuel sulfur content ppmm s aromatics fuel aromatic content vol%. Investigation of byproduct application to jet fuel. N817na cfm562c1 engines burning 15 different aviation fuels. As you are aware, jet fuel was dumped over populated areas, including at least six elementary schools.
We estimate that the most costeffective fuel for carbon abatement in the near term is used cooking oilderived hefa at approximately 200 per tonne of co 2 equivalents co 2 e reduced. Uncertainty in fuel composition can change results significantly can be used for full scale fuel tanks for general predictions. This standard has therefore evolved primarily as a performance standard rather than a compositional standard. C,astm d 86 155 fuel recovered 10% by volume at c 205 max. Jet fuel is therefore defined as a performance specification rather than a chemical compound. With price fluctuations causing fuel costs to vary wildly by type, many are led to ponder alternative ways to power their diesel and jet engines. Jet fuel is a mixture of a variety of hydrocarbons. Effects of jet fuel spills on the microbial community of soil article pdf available in applied and environmental microbiology 563. The cost of supporting alternative jet fuels in the european union. Condensation trails from biofuelskerosene blends scoping study. The goal of this study was analysis of a spectrum of soot for the aforementioned aspects of chemistry. Influence of jet fuel composition on aircraft engine. Together with guidance documents on renewable energy for aviation, financing. The fuel oils include a wide variety of petroleum end uses, from jet fuels at the more volatile lowmolecular weight end of the scale, through kerosene, stove oil, and several grades of diesel fuel, to industrial heating fuel and ultimately to asphalt for.
As the astm fuel specification d7566 is merely based on the performance expected, the final blend concentration of hefa in jet aa1 can vary depending on the resultant fuel properties. Consequently, it is impossible to define the exact composition of jet fuel. Pdf chemical composition and fuel properties of alternative jet. Rising jet fuel prices are an obvious incentive for civilian and military users of jet fuel to seek substitutes. Sep 28, 2018 as the astm fuel specification d7566 is merely based on the performance expected, the final blend concentration of hefa in jet aa1 can vary depending on the resultant fuel properties. Use in other applications may result in higher exposures and require additional controls, such as local exhaust ventilation and personal protective equipment. Article pdf available in bioresources 2 february 2018 with. Tests have demonstrated that the jet fuel meets the standard jet fuel specifications.
Jp4, or jp4 for jet propellant was a jet fuel, specified in 1951 by the u. Sustainable jet fuel for aviation nordic energy research. This material is considered hazardous by the osha hazard communication standard, 29 cfr 1910. Types of jet fuel there are two basic types of turbine engine fuel commonly used today are. Currently, there is a lack of information on how these properties are affected by the constituent chemical composition. This material is considered hazardous by the osha hazard communication standard, 29 cfr. Because the exact composition of jet fuel varies widely based on petroleum source, it is impossible to define jet fuel as a ratio of specific hydrocarbons. Jet a aviation kerosine, aviation turbine fuel turbine fuel, aviation kerosine type. Besides biojet, renewable diesel and gasoline are also. Experimental validation of a fuel vaporization computer model. Energy content and alternative jet fuel viability request pdf. In uence of jet fuel composition on aircraft engine. Every day thousands of users submit information to us about which programs they use to open specific types of files. The cost of supporting alternative jet fuels in the.
Flash point and chemical composition of aviation kerosene jet a. Us7671245b2 jet fuel compositions and methods of making. Specification for aviation turbine fuel jet a1 def stan 9191 issue 6 amendment 1 uk also meets jigafqrjos issue 24 dated 1. Modeling and analysis josette bellan jet propulsion laboratory, california institute of technology abstract a model has been developed to account for the occurrence of concurrent atomization of a fully multispecies liquid and phase change from liquid to vapor. Sep 26, 2019 agency for toxic substances and disease registry atsdr. In certain embodiments, the fuel compositions provided herein comprise a high concentration of at least a bioengineered fuel component. Jet fuel safety data sheet material safety data sheet date. The composition of crude oils varies significantly. All atsdr toxicological profile pdf files are electronic conversions from paper copy or other electronic ascii text files. Liquid fuel samples, initially differentiated by their atmospheric pressure flash points, which ranged from 37. Recyclable fuel wastes are fuels, such as gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel, that are contaminated with water, dirt, or other materials, or that have chemically degraded during storage and cannot be used as a fuel until reclaimed. Additives such as antioxidants, metal deactivator, electrical conductivity additive, leak detection additive, and other additives including biocidal additive and fuel system icing inhibitor, may be added to the aviation turbine fuel in the amount and of the composition specified. However, by definition, the primary grades of jet fuel meet the specifications of astm d165519a.
The full impact of this fuel dump on children and adults has yet to be fully realized. Combined heat and power technology fact sheets series. The flash point does not determine the composition of a complex liquid fuel such as jet a. Jet fuel characteristicsjet fuel characteristics commercial turbine fuelcommercial turbine fuel international air transport association iata guidance material iata add761 kerosene types and wide cut aviation fuel quality requirements for jointly operated systems afqrjos check list, jet a1, jet b nonu. Chemical composition and fuel properties of alternative jet fuels. The most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are jet a and jet a1, which are produced to. Performance properties since the primary function of aviation turbine fuel jet fuel is to power an aircraft,energycontent and combustion quality are key fuel performance properties. Agency for toxic substances and disease registry atsdr. Internal combustion engines aviation gasoline avgas. Wash spillages into an effluent treatment plant or proceed as follows. Jet a1 is a kerosine grade of fuel suitable for most turbine engined aircraft. Us7671245b2 jet fuel compositions and methods of making and. The chemical composition and fuel properties of nine alternative jet fuels. The alcohol to jet process can use ether ethanol or syngas or any mix thereof.
Fuel additives product summary for more information on how innospecs fuel specialties team can work with you, please contact our regional sales office. In addition to an overview of alternative aviation fuel trends, this report. Containing fuel system icing inhibitor safety data sheet product name other means of identification section 1. Concurrent atomization and phase change in a multicomponent. This standard has therefore evolved primarily as a performance standard rather than a. In some embodiments, the fuel compositions comprise at least a fuel component readily and efficiently produced, at least in part, from a microorganism. The composition of aviation fuels has been established by the u. Air force air force 1977, 1981g, 1982d, 1988a, 1989c, 1990 using specifications that are based primarily on the characteristics that give the maximum performance of the aircraft for which the fuel is used crc 1984. Jet fuel basics jet fuel composed of an array of hydrocarbon compounds typical jet fuel composition 60% paraffins 20% napthenes 20% aromatics single and double ring ch 3ch 2ch 2ch 2ch 2ch 2ch 2ch 3 aromatic c nh 2n6 c 2h 5 naphthene c nh 2n. Aviation technical aviation fuels chevron corporation.
Jet fuels are well characterized regarding their physical and chemical properties. Page 2 of 4 february 2018 whw419 recyclable fuel wastes. Jet fuel is fairly close to diesel fuel and heating oil in composition. Jet fuel is a complex blend of hydrocarbons derived from various refinery streams. The biorefinery is designed to operate using 3200 bonne dry tonnes bdt of poplar chips per day 1. It had a lower flash point than jp1, but was preferred because of its greater availability. A synthesis of aerosol emissions data from the nasa apex, aafex, and access missions. Petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Production of jet fuel from ethanol european commission. The industry has been able to find valuable uses for many of these secondary products including, for instance, lubricating oils, bitumen and asphalt, lpgs. For the purposes of this guide, all our estimates and references are for 200 000 bpd refineries. Jet fuel safety data sheet material safety data sheet date of preparation. The fuel was produced to comply with the specification of standard milstd290 for jp8 fossil kerosene. Request pdf energy content and alternative jet fuel viability this paper examines the chemical composition and energy content of several fuel options that could hypothetically be used with the.
An average refinery size is between 100 000 to 400 000 bpd. Properties of blends of alternative fuels with jet a1. These two documents are not identical, although there are plans. Besides providing a source of energy, fuel is also used as hydraulic. October 14, 2014 page 3 of deerfoot consulting inc. Jet fuel, aviation turbine fuel atf, or avtur, is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gasturbine engines. Civil aviation fuel jet fuel specifications shell global. We report the results of liquid characterization by two dif. Impact of hefa feedstocks on fuel composition and properties. Jet fuel of types a and a1 is composed of mostly kerosene, and jet b is a napthakerosene mix. Data were collected for this single engine type during four different, comprehensive ground tests conducted over the past decade, which allow us to clearly link changes in aerosol emissions to fuel compositional. Used fuel composition from published data of fuels with similar flashpoints fid hydrocarbon.