Im trying to do revision on past paper questions on equivalence class testing and this is a question im getting rather confused about. Equivalence classes in software testing stack overflow. It is most suited to systems in which much of the input data takes on values within ranges or within sets. In equivalencepartitioning technique we need to test only one condition from each partition. One test value is picked from each class while testing. Introduction software testing is a most often used technique for verifying and validating the quality of software 1. Equivalence class testing can significantly reduce the number of test cases that must be created and executed. Equivalence class testingblack box software testing techniques the use of equivalence classes as the basis for functional testing and is appropriate in situations like. After a long search there were nearly 600 six hundred tools found. This short paper introduces a method for verifying equivalence classes for moduleunit testing. Equivalence partitioning test case design technique is one of the testing techniques. In this article, we present a modelbased blackbox equivalence partition testing strategy, together with a formal proof of its completeness properties. Different testing techniques, such as whitebox and black. Equivalence partitioning is a blackbox testing technique that applies to all levels of testing.
It divides the input data of software into different equivalence data classes. It helps to understand the concepts and provides knowledge to implement the same. What is boundary value analysis bva of black box testing. Therefore you group the test item into class where all items in each class are suppose to behave exactly the same. Output scenario coverage blackbox testing equivalence class partitioning boundary value testing causeeffect decision table testing combinatorial testing orthogonal array testing 20. An equivalence class is a set of possible values for a particular input condition which might reasonably be expected to be treated in the same way by the software. In short, it is the process of taking all possible test cases and placing them into classes. Boundary testing comes after the equivalence class partitioning. Hence, incorrect identification of equivalence classes leads to incorrect boundary value testing. A second layer covering array of the equivalence class values is computed, and its values substituted for the equivalence class names in the primary array.
This is because we are assuming that all the conditions in one partition will be. Equivalence class testing example solution of triangle problem software engineering video classes in hindi and english. Recapweak normal ecstrong normal ecrobustnesscombined with wct outline recap. Strongly typed languages eliminate need, traditional equivalence class testing fortran, cobal errors common. An advantage of this approach is it reduces the time.
Boundary value analysis and equivalence class partitioning. This is because we are assuming that all the conditions in one partition will be treated in the same way by the software. Equivalence partitioning also called as equivalence class partitioning. Equivalence partitioning or equivalence class partitioning ecp is a software testing technique that divides the input data of a software unit into partitions of equivalent data from which test cases can be derived. Boundary value analysis and equivalence class partitioning with. Mix play all mix software testing material youtube equivalent partition in software testing boundary value analysis in testing with example duration. Equivalence class testing is a black box software testing technique that divides function variable ranges into classessubsets that are disjoint.
Software testing strategies characteristics of testing strategies. Robust equivalence class testing robust consideration of invalid values. A software application is composed of a number of software modules that are integrated together to form a software application. Equivalence partitioning test case design technique. Equivalence class testing venkateshprasad ranganath kansas state university 2. I am new to software testing and i am studying the basic techniques.
Triangle problem weak robust equivalence class test cases test case a b c expected output wr1 1 5 5 value of a is not in the range of permitted values wr2 5 1 5 value of b is not in the range of permitted values. I am sure, that there are tools much more than these now occurred. This method is typically used to reduce the total number of test case s to a finite set of testable test cases, still. Software testing is an investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information about the quality of the software product or service under test. Identify the equivalence classes for the following specification. Good practice and logical thinking can make it very easy to solve these questions.
We will differentiate below, between four different types of equivalence class testing ect. This is achieved using a twolayer covering array, in which some or all values of a primary covering array represent equivalence classes. The success of the testing using boundary value analysis depends on the equivalence classes identified, which further depends on the expertise of the tester and his knowledge of application. Equivalence class testing example solution of triangle. System testing, boundary value analysis, equivalence class partitioning.
In equivalence partitioning, first, you divide a set of test condition into a partition that can be considered. As i understand it, there are three bits to defining this equivalence class see bottom of q for snippet. Its important that all testers should be able to write test cases based on equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis. A comparative analysis on equivalence class partitioning. The results apply to reactive systems with large, possibly infinite input data types and finite internal and output data ranges that may be enumerated with acceptable effort. In principle, test cases are designed to cover each partition at least once. Two problems with robust ect specification expected output for invalid tc. In boundary testing, equivalence class partitioning plays a good.
Equivalence class testing ec testing is when you have a number of test items e. Equivalence class testing garreth davies 2 abstract this document describes techniques used by testers to test computer software. The investigation is performed on a semantic level and applies to. Boundary value analysis and equivalence partitioning both are test case design strategies in blackbox testing. Equivalence class testingblack box software testing. One of the problems with equivalence class partitioning and boundary value analysis is that they are typically explained with simple examples like the one above, while in the real world these methods need to be applied in relation to every equivalence class of the. It is a software testing technique that divides the input test data of the application under test into each. Taking this into consideration istqb is having significant importance for this topic in the istqb foundation level certificate exam. It makes the assumption that data in the same equivalence class is, in fact, processed in the same way by the system. What is boundary value analysis and equivalence partitioning. Boundary value testingboundary values of the equivalence classes are considered and tested as they generally fail in equivalence class testing.
Software testing strategies chapter 18 iitcomputer science. Equivalence partitioning a black box testing technique. Equivalence partitioning in software testing test design. In boundary testing, equivalence class partitioning plays a good role. Functional testing boundary value testing equivalence class testing agenda. Software testing class complete website for software. Equivalence class testingtest inputs are classified into equivalence classes such that one input check validates all the input values in that class. It is a software testing technique that divides the input test data of the application under test into each partition at least once of equivalent data from which test cases can be derived.
However, this is useable only when the partition is ordered, consisting of numeric or sequential data. Functional testing boundary value testing equivalence. Also, test cases are developed using various software testing techniques so that we can save ourselves from the nuisance of exhaustive testing which is quite. Equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis are linked to each. Eeqquuiivvaalleennccee ppaarrttiittiioonniinngg tteessttiinngg what is equivalence partitioning testing. Keywords software testing, unit testing, integration testing. If the equivalence classes are chosen wisely, the potential redundancy among test cases is greatly reduced. Equivalence partitioning is a test case design technique to divide the input data of software into different equivalence data classes. The key point in equivalence class testing is the choice of the equivalence relation that determines the classes.
Introduction software testing is a mechanism which helps us expose errors in a software and forms an important part of the software development process. Welcome to this session, we will discuss about the equivalence class partition and the boundary. Equivalence partitioning or equivalence class partitioning ecp is a software testing technique that divides the input data of a software unit into partitions of. Equivalence testing rejection regions s tost power approach reject h 0 equivalence retain h 0 relationship between variance and rejection regions due to power approach blue and tost red in an equivalence test with two treatments for a bioavailability variable adapted from schuirrmann, 1987. Complexity of equivalence class and boundary value testing. Testing begins at the component level, for oo at the class or object level, and works outward toward the integration of the entire system. Equivalent class partitioning is a black box technique code is not visible to tester which can be applied to all levels of testing like unit, integration, system, etc. Next, you will learn the most efficient time testing should start in the software development life cycle in order to save resources.
The program accepts five to nine inputs which are 3 digit integers greater than 100. Purpose of this blog is to present information on software testing including both manual and automation testing. You could find other testing techniques such as boundary value analysis, decision table and state transition techniques by clicking on appropriate links equivalence partitioning is. Among the various software testing techniques performed by the team of testers, there is one important technique equivalence class testing. Equivalence partitions are also known as equivalence classes the two terms mean exactly the same thing. Equivalence class testing is a powerful method of testing since it cuts down the number of test cases required to test a system reasonably with regards to boundaryvalue testing. What is equivalence partitioning in software testing. Equivalence class testing this week we turn to equivalence class testing. Equivalence class testing section i black box testing. Most of us who dont know this still use it informally without even realizing it. Equivalence class testing, which is also known as equivalence class partitioning ecp and equivalence partitioning, is an important software testing technique used by the team of testers for grouping and partitioning of the test input data, which is then used for the purpose of testing the software product into a number of different classes.
A module itself is a program written in a particular language that is composed of subroutines, subprograms, classes, procedures, and functions. Equivalence class an overview sciencedirect topics. The minimum and maximum values of a partition are its boundary values. Boundary value analysis is another black box test design technique and it is used to find the errors at boundaries of input domain rather than finding those errors in the center of input. Software testing can also provide an objective, independent view of the software to allow the business to appreciate. In this method, the input domain data is divided into different equivalence data classes. Software testing, functional testing, structural testing, test cases, black box testing, white box testing, testing techniques. The basis of boundary value analysis bva is testing the boundaries at partitions remember equivalence partitioning. Testing one value from the set can be assumed to serve for testing any other value in the set. Each of these classes is an equivalence partition or domain where the program behaves in an equivalent way for each class member. This diploma in software testing course starts with an overview of software testing concepts. Boundary analysis testing is used when practically it is impossible to test a large pool of test cases individually. Complete modelbased equivalence class testing for the etcs ceiling speed monitor.